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- 1. Solid State Physics 5, 258-319 (1957) , Academic Press, New York (Edited by F. Seitz, D. Turnbull) , “Shallow Impurity States in Silicon and Germanium”, W. KohnI. Introduction (p.258): II. Emprical Properties (p.261): 1. Energy Levels (p.261), a. Ionization Energies, b. Spectra of Excited States, 2. Spin Resonance (p.266), a. Electron Spin Resonance, b. Double Resonance, 3. Static Magnetic Susceptibility (p.271), III. Structure of Donor States (p.271): 4. Conduction Bands of Silicon and Germanium (p.271), a. Silicon, b. Germanium, 5. Effective Mass Theory of Donor States (p.274), a. Single Band Minimum at k=0, b. Several Conduction Band Minima, c. Matrix Elements for Radiative Transitions, 6. Numerical Results and Comparison with Experiments (p.285), a. Energy Levels, b. Wave Functions, 7. Corrections to the Effective Mass Formalism (p.289), a. General Considerations, b. Corrected Wave Functions, c. Comparison with Experiment, IV. Structure of Acceptor States (p.297): 8. Valence Bands of Silicon and Germanium (p.297), a. Silicon, b. Germanium, 9. Effective Mass Equations for Acceptor States (p.300), 10. Approximate Solutions and Comparison with Experiment (p.301) a. Germanium b. Silicon V.Effects of Strains and of Static Electric and Magnetic Fields (p.306): 11. Strains (p.306) a. Donor States, b. Acceptor States, 12. Stark Effect (p.311)
- 2. Phys. Rev. B 9, 4351-4361 (1974) , “EPR study of defects in neutron-irradiated silicon: Quenched-in alignment under <110>-uniaxial stress”, Young-Hoon Lee and James W. CorbettThe stress effect in an EPR study is first treated rigorously in terms of the piezospectroscopic tensor, taking account of the local symmetry of a defect. It is found that the degree of alignment (n?/n?) provides incisive information on the structure of a defect; in general, a... (Read more)
- 3. Phys .Rev. Lett. 32, 271 (1974) , “Observation of Electron Spin Resonance of Negative Ions in Liquid Helium”, Jonathan F. Reichert and Arnold J. DahmWe have observed ESR signals of negative ions in liquid helium. The linewidth and g value have been measured. Electrons injected into helium by field emission from ferromagnetic tips are shown to be polarized. We propose a new technique for the measurement of electron spin polarization. (Read more)
- 4. Lattice Defects in Semiconductors 23, 1-22 (1975) , Institute of Physics, London , “EPR Studies of the Lattice Vacancy and Low-Temperature Damage Processes in Silocon”, G. D. Watkins.EPR studies of silicon irradiated at 20.4 K and 4.2 K by 1.5 MeV and 46 MeV electrons are described. In 46 MeV irradiations the dominant defects formed appear to be divavancies and other multiple defect aggregates which liberate vacancies throughout the anneal to room temperature as they reorder, recombine, etc. For 1.5 MeV irradiations group III atoms play a vital role in p- and n-type materials in trapping interstitials and stabilizing damage. Carbon and oxygen are not effective interstitial traps at these temperatures. Evidence of limited vacancy migration during irradiation is also cited. Two distinct excited configurations of vacancy-oxygen pairs are identified as precursors to A-centre formation in n-type silicon. The kinetics for their conversion to A-centres depends strongly upon the Fermi level as does the isolated vacancy migration energy whhich is measured to be 0.18 ± 0.02 eV for the V= charge state. The vacancy has four charge states, V+, V0, V- and V=. Kinetics for hole release from V+ reveals an activation barrier of 0.057 eV. The concentration of V+ at 20.4 K in boron-doped material indicates the corresponding donor level even closer to the band edge, approximately EV + 0.039 eV. Jahn-Teller energies for V0, V+, and V- are estimated from stress-alignment studies and confirmed to be large. Kinetics studies for reorientation from one Jahn-Teller distortion to another are also described for each charge state.
- 5. Z. Physik B 23, 171-181 (1976) , “Intrinsic Defects in Electron Irradiated Zinc Oxide”, B. Schallenberge, A. Hausmann
- 6. Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 1329 (1976) , “EPR Observation of the Isolated Interstitial Carbon Atom in Silicon ”, G. D. Watkins and K. L. BrowerAn EPR spectrum, labeled Si-G12, is identified as arising from an isolated interstitial carbon atom in silicon. A ?100? C-Si interstitialcy model is suggested for the defect in which a silicon and carbon atom pair partially share single substitutional site. Because carbon is isoelectronic with... (Read more)
- 7. J. Phys. Chem. 83, 3462-3467 (1979) , “Dynamic Interchange among Three States of Phousphorus 4+ in ?-Quartz”, Y. Uchida, J. Isoya, J. A. WeilDynamic averaging due to electron jumping among three states with different sp hybrid directions in the P4+ center [PO4]0 in α-quartz has been studied by single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance. The spin-Hamiltonian matrices g and Aslp for low temperature (i.e., C140 K) spectra P(І) and P(Ⅱ) and for high temperature spectrum P(A) are reported. For each crystal site, the line positions of P(A) agree well with those derived from the matrices measured for the three states. i.e., with weighted averages including P(І) and the two symmetry-related P(Ⅱ) spectra. (Read more)
- 8. J. Phys. Chem. 88, 5255-5260 (1984) , “Dynamic Interchange among Three States of Phosphorus (4+) in ?-Quartz. 2.”, Y. Uchida, J. Isoya, J. A. WeilThe dynamic process due to electron jumping among three states with different sp hybrid directions in the quasitetrahedral P4+ center [PO4]0 in a-quartz has been investigated by 10-GHz electron paramagnetic resonance, over the temperature range 40 to 400 K. The relative populations (mole fractions ƒІ and ƒІІ) of the ground state P(І) and two degenerate thermally excited states P(ІІ) were determined from the measured EPR absorption line intensity ratios and from the line positions of the averaged state P(A), respectively, in the slow and fast kinetic regions. The temperature dependence of the mole fractions has been explained by considering vibrational sublevels in the potential well describing each state. The jump rate was also obtained, via EPR absorption line-width analysis based on the Bloch equations, in both the slow and the fast regions. The characteristic parameters of the dynamic process, Le., energy separation and vibrational sublevels of the ground and excited states, and barrier height between these, have been determined. (Read more)
- 9. Phys. Rev. B 32, 7129 (1985) , “Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance of Titanium in Silicon: 29Si ENDOR”, D. A. van Wezep, R. van Kemp, E. G. Sieverts, C. A. J. Ammerlaan.The Si-NL29 EPR spectrum, which is associated with the positive charge state of interstitial titanium in silicon, was investigated by electron-nuclear double resonance. Hyperfine-interaction parameters of 17 shells of silicon neighbors, comprised of 214 atoms, could be determined. These parameters... (Read more)
- 10. Phys. Rev. B 37, 7268 (1988) , “Electron-nuclear double resonance of titanium in silicon: 47Ti and 49Ti ENDOR”, D. A. van Wezep, C. A. J. AmmerlaanThe electron-nuclear double-resonance spectra of interstitial 47Ti+ and 49Ti+ in silicon have been measured at 4.2 K. Spin Hamiltonians for these systems were determined and had to include hyperfine contributions of the type S3I and... (Read more)
- 11. Solid State Commun. 73, 393 (1990) , “Electron paramagnetic resonance of nickel in silicon. — I. Identification of spectrum”, L. S. Vlasenko, N. T. Son, A. B. van Oosten, C. A. J. Ammerlaan, A. A. Lebedev, E. S. Taptygov, V. A. KhramtsovResults are reported on the paramagnetic resonance spectrum recently identified with the negatively charged state of substitutional nickel in n-type silicon. Studies were made on the presence of the spectrum in silicon with different concentrations of phosphorus doping and under various conditions... (Read more)
- 12. Phys. Rev. B 42, 5759 (1990) , “EPR Identification of the Single-Acceptor State of Interstitial Carbon in Silicon”, L. W. Song and G. D. WatkinsAn EPR center labeled Si-L6 is reported which is identified as arising from the singly ionized acceptor state of isolated interstitial carbon (Ci-) in electron-irradiated crystalline silicon. Correlated deep-level capacitance transient spectroscopy measurements locate the... (Read more)
- 13. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 37, 1650-1657 (1990) , “Spin dependent recombination: A 29Si hyperfine study of radiation-induced Pb centers at the Si/SiO2 interface”, M. A. Jupina , P. M. Lenahan
- 14. Physica B 170, 155-167 (1991) , “Electron paramagnetic resonance of hydrogen in silicon ”, Yu.V. Gorelkinskii, N.N. Nevinnyi
- 15. phys. stat. sol. (a) 162, 95-151 (1997) , “EPR and ENDOR Investigations of Shallow Impurities in SiC Polytypes”, S. Greulich-WeberInvestigations of nitrogen donors in 6H-, 4H- and 3C-SiC using conventional electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and optical detection of EPR and ENDOR as well as optical absorption and emission spectroscopy are reviewed and critically discussed. An... (Read more)
- 16. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1507 (1997) , “Identification of the Silicon Vacancy Containing a Single Hydrogen Atom by EPR”, B. Bech Nielsen, P. Johannesen, P. Stallinga, K. Bonde Nielsen
- 17. Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 1137 (1997) , “In situ electron-spin-resonance measurements of film growth of hydrogenated amorphous silicon”, Satoshi Yamasaki, Takahide Umeda, Junichi Isoya, and Kazunobu TanakaIn situ electron-spin-resonance (ESR) measurements of film growth of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) using a remote hydrogen plasma technique have been performed. The Si dangling-bond signal in a-Si:H during and after deposition has been detected, in addition to the... (Read more)
- 18. Phys. Rev. B 58, 3842 (1998) , “Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Hydrogen-Vacancy Defects in Crystalline Silicon”, P. Stallinga, P. Johannesen, S. Herstm, K. Bonde Nielsen, B. Bech Nielsen, J. R. Byberg.Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements on float-zone silicon implanted with protons at ?50 K followed by heating to room temperature have revealed two signals S1a and S1b belonging to the S1 group of signals. S1a and S1b both originate from defects... (Read more)
- 19. phys. stat. sol. (b) 210, 13 (1999) , “Neutral Vacancies in Group-IV Semiconductors”, A. Zywietz, J. Furthmüller, F. BechstedtAb initio plane-wave-supercell calculations are performed for the neutral monovacancies in silicon, silicon carbide and diamond using ultrasoft non-normconserving Vanderbilt pseudopotentials. We study the structure, the energetics and the single-particle energy spectrum. The local symmetry, the... (Read more)
- 20. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 372 (1999) , “Hydrogen Electrochemistry and Stress-Induced Leakage Current in Silica”, Peter E. Bl?chl and James H. StathisHydrogen-related defects in oxygen-deficient silica, representing the material of a thermal gate oxide, are analyzed using first-principles calculations. Energetics and charge-state levels of oxygen vacancies, hydrogen, and their complexes in the silica framework are mapped out. The neutral hydrogen... (Read more)
- 21. Physica B 340-342, 903-907 (2003) , “Pulsed EPR studies of shallow donor impurities in SiC”, J. Isoya, T. Ohshima, N. Morishita, T. Kamiya, H. Itoh, S. YamasakiSpin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and phase memory time (TM) of shallow donors in 3C-, 4H- and 6H-SiC have been measured in time domain by using pulsed EPR technique. The temperature dependence of T1 suggests that the Orbach process should be frozen at relatively high temperatures. Shallow donors in SiC are promising in attaining a sufficiently long phase memory time at temperatures much higher than Si:P. (Read more)
- 22. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 155901 (2003) , “Fluorine in Silicon: Diffusion, Trapping, and Precipitation”, X. D. Pi, C. P. Burrows, P. G. ColemanThe effect of vacancies on the behavior of F in crystalline Si has been elucidated experimentally for the first time. With positron annihilation spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy, we find that F retards recombination between vacancies (V) and interstitials (I) because V and I trap F to form complexes. F diffuses in the V-rich region via a vacancy mechanism with an activation energy of 2.12±0.08 eV. After a long annealing time at 700ºC, F precipitates have been observed by cross-section transmission electron microscopy which are developed from the V-type defects around the implantation range and the I-type defects at the end of range. (Read more)
- 23. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 245901 (2004) , “Ab Initio Calculations to Model Anomalous Fluorine Behavior”, Milan Diebel, Scott T. Dunhammplanted fluorine is observed to behave unusually in silicon, manifesting apparent uphill diffusion and reducing diffusion and enhancing activation of boron. In order to investigate fluorine behavior, we calculate the energy of fluorine defect structures in the framework of density functional theory. In addition to identifying the ground-state configuration and diffusion migration barrier of a single fluorine atom in silicon, a set of energetically favorable fluorine defect structures were found (FnVm). The decoration of vacancies and dangling silicon bonds by fluorine suggests that fluorine accumulates in vacancy-rich regions, which explains the fluorine redistribution behavior reported experimentally. (Read more)
- 24. Phys. Rev. B 69, 121201(R) (2004) , “EPR identification of two types of carbon vacancies in 4H-SiC”, T. Umeda, J. Isoya, N. Morishita, T. Ohshima, and T. KamiyaThe EI5 and EI6 centers are typical intrinsic defects in radiation-damaged and semi-insulating 4H-SiC. So far, their origins have been assigned to positively charged carbon vacancies (VC+) and silicon antisites (SiC+), respectively. However,... (Read more)
- 25. Phys. Rev. B 70, 235211 (2004) , “Structure and vibrational spectra of carbon clusters in SiC”, Alexander Mattausch, Michel Bockstedte, and Oleg PankratovThe electronic, structural, and vibrational properties of small carbon interstitial and antisite clusters are investigated by ab initio methods in 3C- and 4H-SiC. The defects possess sizable dissociation energies and may be formed via condensation of carbon interstitials, e.g.,... (Read more)
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